INFLUENCE OF MOTIVATION AND LANGUAGE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT ON THE SUCCESSFUL EFL LEARNING

Masyhur Masyhur

Abstract


The research seeks to investigate successful learners’ motivational changes and learning histories from the first time they studied English until the achievement of high proficiency in the foreign language in Riau Province Indonesia. The central research questions are to reveal what motivational changes and learning histories successful learners display and how these learners have sustained their learning motivation until they eventually achieved high level of proficiency while studying in EFL environments. The participants are six adults who have achieved high levels of English proficiency. The design used in this case study involves both holistic and specifically focused analyses, by which each participant’s learning history is collected through individual interviews. The research reports each participant’s learning history, and the initial proposition concerning motivational change and salient motivational sources found in the participants’ learning histories are collectively analyzed and discussed. Exploring the data concerning how the participants have sustained their language learning motivation resulting in the idea that sustained motivation is not always present in successful foreign language learning. What make these six successful EFL learners different from other learners in Riau are their perseverance and intensively-prioritized EFL learning. In other words, they develop a more intentional psychological force, known as commitment. The results provide new, engaging, and important information to people who are seriously involved in foreign language learning in EFL contexts, especially Riau Province where the majority of learners fail to attain high levels of foreign language proficiency after receiving years of formal education.


Keywords


dynamic motivation, learning histories, successful EFL learning

Full Text:

PDF

References


Beglar, D. (2010). A Rasch-based validation of the Vocabulary Size Test. Language Testing, 27(1), 101-118.

Benson, P. (2004). (Auto)biography and learner diversity. In P. Benson & D. Nunan(Eds.), Learners' stories: Difference and diversity in language learning (pp.4-21). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Benson, P. (2006). Autonomy in language teaching and learning. LanguageTeaching, 40, 21-40.

Bjork, C. (2004). Decentralization in education in Indonesia. International Review of Education, 50,245-262.

Brown, H.D. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching (4th ed.). NY: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Brown, J. D. (2005). Testing in language programs: A comprehensive guide to English language assessment. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Chen, J. F. Warden, C. A. & Cheng, H. (2005). Running head: Motivators that do not motivate. TESOL Quarterly, 39(4), 609-633.

Coon, D. (2001). Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wordsworth.

Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.

Donitsa-Schmidt, S., Inbar, O. & Shohamy, E. (2004). The effects of teaching spoken Arabic on students’ attitudes and motivation in Israel. Modern Language Journal, 88(2), 217-28.

Dornyei, Z. & Schmidt, R. (Eds.) (2001), Motivation and second language acquisition. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.

Dornyei, Z. (2000). Motivation in action: Towards a process-oriented conceptualization of student motivation. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 519-538.

Dörnyei, Z. (2001). Teaching and researching motivation. Harlow: Longman.

Dornyei, Z. (2003). Attitudes, orientations, and motivations in language learning: Advances in theory, research and applications. Language Learning, 53(1), 3-32.

Dornyei, Z. (2003b). Introduction. In Z. Dornyei (Ed.) Attitudes, orientations, and motivations in language learning: Advances in theory, research and applications. Blackwell Publishing.

Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Dörnyei, Z., & Ushioda, E. (2011). Teaching and researching motivation (2nd ed.). Harlow: Longman.

Dörnyei, Z., Csizér, K., & Németh, N. (2006). Motivation, language attitudes andglobalisation: A Hungarian perspective. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

Duff, P. A. (2008). Case study research in applied linguistics. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Falout, J. & Maruyama, M. (2004). A Comparative Study of Proficiency and Learner Demotivation. The Language Teacher, 28(8), 3-9.

Gable, S. L., & Haidt, J. (2005). What (and why) is positive psychology? Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 103-110.

Gao, Y., Li, Y., and Li, W. (2002). EFL learning and self-identity construction: three cases of Chinese College English Majors. Asian Journal of English Language Teaching, 12(2), 95-119.

Gardner , R. C. (2001). Integrative motivation: Past, present and future. Distinguished Lecturer Serious. Temple University Japan, Tokyo, February 17, 2001. Retrieved October 10, 2003 from http://publish.uwo.ca/~gardner/GardnerPublicLecture1.pdf.

Gardner, H. (2006). Multiple intelligences: New horizons. New York: Basic Books. Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning. London: Edward Arnold.

Gardner, R. C., Masgoret, A.-M., Tennant, J., & Mihic, L. (2004). Integrative motivation: Changes during a year-long intermediate-level language. Language Learning, 54(1), 1-34.

Gershenson, C. (2002). Contextuality: A Philosophical Paradigm, with Applications to Philosophy of Cognitive Science. [Departmental Technical Report] (Unpublished document). Retrieved 30.05.08 from http://cogprints.org/2621/ .

Harmer, J. (2003). The practice of English language teaching. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited.

Hayashi, H. (2005). Identifying different motivational transitions of Japanese ESL learners using cluster analysis: Self-determination perspectives. JACETBulletin, 41, 1-17.

Heckhausen, J., & Heckhausen, J. (Eds.). (2008). Motivation and action. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hidi, S., Renninger, K. A., & Krapp, A. (2004). Interest, a mtivational variable that combines affective and cognitive functioning. In D. Y. Dai & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), Motivation, emotion, and cognition (pp. 89-115). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Horwitz, E. H. (2000). Teachers and students, students and teachers: An ever-evolving partnership. The Modern Language Journal, 84(4), 523-535.

Inbar, O., Donitsa-Schmidt, S, & Shohamy, E. (2001). Students’ motivation as a function of language learning: The teaching of Arabic in Israel. In Z. Dornyei & R. Schmidt (Eds.) Motivation and second language acquisition (Technical Report #23, pp. 297-311). Honolulu: University of Hawai’i, Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.

Janssens, S. & Mettewie, L. (2004). Cross-sectional and longitudinal view of attitudes and motivations to SLL. Paper presented at the 15th Sociolinguistics Symposium. Newcastle, April 2004. Retrieved 3.05.2008 from http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ss15/papers/paper_details.php?id=176

Kanno, Y. (2003). Negotiating bilingual and bicultural identities: Japanese reternees betwixt two worlds. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Lamb, M. & Coleman, H. (2002). Literacy in English and the transformation of self and society in Post-Suharto Indonesia. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism.

Lamb, M. (2002). Explaining successful language learning in difficult circumstances. Prospect: .4n4 ustralian Jo urnal of TESOL, 17(2), 35-52.

Lamb, M. (2004). Integrative motivation in a globalizing world. System, 32 (1), 3-19.

Lamb, M. (2005). "It depends on the students themselves": Independent language learning at an Indonesian state school. Language, Culture, and Curriculum,17(3), 229-245.

ldrus, N . (2000, 26th September) Education: Sad facts in Indonesia. The Jakarta Post, pp. 4.

Lim, H.-Y. (2002). The interaction of motivation, perception, and environment: One EFL learner's experience. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics,7(2), 91-106.

Little, D. (2007). Language learner autonomy: Some fundamental considerations revisited. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 1(1), 14-29.

Locke, E. & Latham, J. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist 57( 90), 705–717.

Masgoret, A. M. & Gardner, R. C. (2003). Attitudes, motivations, and second language learning: A meta-analysis of studies conducted by Gardner and associates. Language Learning, 53(1), pp. 123-163.

McGroarty, M. (2001). Situating second language motivation. In Z. Dornyei & R. Schmidt (Eds.) Motivation and second language acquisition (Technical Report #23, pp. 69-92). Honolulu: University of Hawai’i, Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.

McIntosh, C. N. & Kimberly N. A. (2004). Self-determined motivation for language learning: The role of need for cognition and language learning strategies. Zeitschrift fur Interkulturellen Fremdsprachenunterricht [Online], 9(2). Retrieved July 14, 2004 from http://www.ualberta.ca/~german/ejournal/Mcintosh2.htm

Mistar, J. (2001). Maximizing learning strategy to promote learner autonomy. TEFLIN, 12(1).

Miura, T. (2007a). Success after failure: An introspective case study of L2motivation. Paper presented at the 2007 Applied Linguistics Colloquium, Temple University Japan.

Miura, T. (2007b). Vocabulary development in relation to motivational trajectory: Retrospective case studies of high proficiency learners. Unpublished manuscript. Temple University Japan.

Miura, T. (2010). The changes of L2 learning motivation. JALT Journal, 32, 29-53.

Morita, N. (2004). Negotiating participation and identity in second language academic communities. TESOL Quarterly, 38(4), 573-603.

Nairne, J. S. (2000). Psychology: The adaptive mind. Belmont, CA: Wordsworth.

Nakata, Y. (2006). Motivation and experience in foreign language learning. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang.

Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Nation, I. S. P. (2007). The Vocabulary Size Test [Electronic Version]. Retrieved February 27, 2007 from http://www.vuw.ac.nz/lals/staff/paulnation/ nation.aspx,

Nikolov, M. (2001). A study of unsuccessful language learners. In Z.

Dörnyei & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Motivation and second language acquisition (pp. 149-169). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii at Manoa. Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.

Nisbet, D. L., Tindall, E. V. & Arroyo, A. A. (2005). Language learning strategies and English proficiency of Chinese university students. Foreign Language Annual, 38(10), 100.

Noels, K. (2001). New orientations in language learning motivation: Towards a model of intrinsic, extrinsic, and integrative orientations and motivation. In Z. Dörnyei & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Motivation and second languageacquisition (pp. 44-68). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i.

Noels, K. A. (2001). Learning Spanish as a second language: learners’ orientations and perceptions of their teachers’ communication style. Language Learning, 51(1), 107-144.

Noels, K. A., Pelletier, L. G., Clement, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (2000). Why are you learning a second language? Motivational orientations and self-determination theory. Language Learning, 50(1), 57-85.

Noels, K., Pelletier, L. G., Clement, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (2000). Why are you learning a second language? Motivational orientations and selfdetermination theory. Language Learning, 50(1), 57-58.

Ortega, L. (2009). Understanding second language acquisition. London, UK: Hodder Education.

Oxford, R. (2001). “The bleached bones of a story”: learners’ constructions of language teachers. In M. Breen (Ed.), Learner Contributions to Language Learning

Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers. languages (pp. 167-172). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pagliaro, A. (2002). Motivation and its implications in tertiary Italian studies. Proceedings of Innovations in Italian teaching workshop (pp. 16-25). Italy: Griffith University. Retrieved 25.10.03 fromwww.gu.edu.au/centre/italian/pdf/2_pag.pdf.

Pajares, F. (2001). Toward a positive psychology of academic motivation. TheJournal of Educational Research, 95(1), 27-35.

Peterson, C. (2000). The future of optimism. American Psychologist, 55(1), 44-55.

Richards, J. C. & Lockhart, C. (2004). Reflective teaching in second language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ryan, S. (2009). Self and identity in L2 motivation in Japan: The ideal L2 self and Japanese learners of English. In Z. Dörnyei & E.Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 120-143). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Sawir, E. (2005). Language difficulties of international students in Australia: The effects of prior learning experience. International Education Journal, 6(5), 567-580.

Sawyer, M. (2007). Motivation to learning foreign language: Where does it come from, where does it go? Gengo to Bunka, 10, 33-42.

Schumann, J. H. (2001). Appraisal psychology, neurobiology, and language. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 23-42.

Schwarz, A. (2000). A Nation in Mailing: Indonesia's search for stability. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Seidman, I. (2006). Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences (3rd ed.). New York: Teachers College Press.

Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology. AmericanPsychologist, 55(1), 5-14.

Setiyadi, B. (2001). Language learning strategies: Classification & pedagogical implication. TEFLIN, 12(1).

Shoaib, A., & Dörnyei, Z. (2004). Affect in lifelong learning: Exploring L2 motivation as a dynamic process. In P. Benson & D. Nunan (Eds.), Learners’stories: Difference and diversity in language learning (Vol. 22-41). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Snyder, C. R. (Ed.). (2000). Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Spolsky, B. (2000). Anniversary article: Language motivation revisited. AppliedLinguistics, 21(2), 157-169.

Spolsky, B. (2000). Language motivation revised. Applied Linguistics, 21(2) 157-169.

Squires, T., & Kawaguchi, Y. (2004). Construction of subjectivity in learners’motivation narratives. Paper presented at the JALT 2004 Nara: Language Learning for Life, Nara, Japan.

Sternberg, R. J. (2006). A duplex theory of love. In R. J. Sternberg & K. Weis (Eds.), The new psychology of love (pp. 184-199). New Haven: Yale University Press.

Takeuchi, O. (2003). What can we learn from good foreign language learners? A qualitative study in the Japanese foreign language context. System, 31, 385- 392.

Tse, L. (2000). Student perceptions of foreign language study: A qualitative analysis of foreign language autobiographies. Modern Language Journal,84, 69-84.

Ushioda, E. (2001). Language learning at university: Exploring the role of motivational thinking. In Z. Dörnyei & S. Richard (Eds.), Motivation andsecond language acquisition (pp. 93-125). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii at Manoa. Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.

Ushioda, E. (2007). Motivation, autonomy and sociocultural theory. In P. Benson (Ed.), Learner autonomy 8: Teacher and learner perspectives (pp. 5-24). Dublin, Ireland: Authentik.

Ushioda, E. (2008). Motivation and good language learners. In C.

Griffiths (Ed.), Lessons from good language learners (pp. 19-34). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ushioda, E. (2009). A person-in-context relational view of Emergent Motivation, self and identity. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, languageidentity and the L2 self (pp. 215-228). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Vandergrift, L. (2005). Relationships among motivation orientations, metacognitive awareness and proficiency in L2 listening. Applied Linguistics, 26(1), 70-89.

Verhoeven, L., & Vermeer, A. (2002). Communicative competence and personality dimensions in first and second language learners. Applied Psycholinguistics,23, 361-374.

Vohs. K., Baumeister, B., Jean M. Twenge, J., Nelson, N., & Tice, D. (2008). Making choices impairs subsequent self-control: A limitedresource account of decision making, self-Regulation, and active initiative. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(5), 883–898 .

Watkins, D., McInerney, D. M., Lee, C., Akande, A., & Regmi, M. (2002). Motivation and learning strategies. A cross-cultural perspective. In D. M. McInerney & S. Van Etten (eds.), Research on Sociocultural Influences on Motivation and Learning, Vol. 2. Greenwich, CT: Information Age.

Webb, V. (2002). English as a second language in South Africa's tertiary institutions. World Englishes, 21(1), 63-81.

Werf, G.v.d., Creemers, B., & Guldemond, H. (2001). Improving parental involvement in primary education in Indonesia: Implementation, effects and costs. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 12,447.

Widiastono, T. (2006). Pelajaran bahasa asing di sekolah: Adakah yang salah? KOMPAS. Jakarta, Indonesia. Available at http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/ 0407/08/PendlN/11 36711.htm [accessed 29.01.07]

Yashima, T. (2002). Willingness to communicate in a second language: The Japanese EFL context. Modern Language Journal, 86, 54-66.

Yashima, T., & Zenuk-Nishide, L. (2008). The impact of learning contexts on proficiency, attitudes, and L2 communication: Creating an imagined international community. System, 36(4), 566-585.

Yin, R. K. (2006). Case study methods. In J. L. Green, G. Camilli & P. B. Elmore (Eds.), Handbook of complementary methods in education research (pp. 111-122). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2017 Proceedings of ISELT FBS Universitas Negeri Padang

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

This Proceedings is Currently indexed by:

Google Scholar.

The Proceedings of International Seminar on English Language and Teaching is registered at LIPI