ROLE OF SPIRITUALITY IN PREDICTING THE GIG WORK SUCCESS

Amy Mardhatillah; Ronald Rulindo; Rosviana Rosida

doi:10.24036/rapun.v16i1.131268

ROLE OF SPIRITUALITY IN PREDICTING THE GIG WORK SUCCESS

Amy Mardhatillah⁽¹⁾, Ronald Rulindo⁽²⁾, Rosviana Rosida⁽³⁾,
(1) Psychology Program, Faculty of Psychology, Mercu Buana University

Indonesia
(2) Islamic Business Program, Faculty of Economic and Business, University of Indonesia
(3) Islamic Business Program, Faculty of Economic and Business, University of Indonesia

Corresponding Author
Copyright (c) 2025 Amy Mardhatillah

DOI : https://doi.org/10.24036/rapun.v16i1.131268

Full Text:

Language : en

Abstract

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aims to examine the psychosocial predictors, namely government support, proactive personality, motivation, and spirituality, for the career satisfaction of gig workers in a new era of working.

Design/methodology/approach: 323 gig workers across different sectors in Indonesia participated in this study. PLS-Structural Analysis Model (SEM) was performed to examine the hypothesis.

Findings: A proactive personality has the highest path score in predicting gig work career satisfaction. Government Support does not influence the satisfaction of gig work in Indonesia.

Originality: This research stands out for its comprehensive examination of factors not previously studied within the Indonesian gig work environment, especially for spirituality. Additionally, the use of SEM analysis methods underscores an exhaustive approach to investigate relationships between the variables studied. The result that government support doesn't significantly impact career satisfaction offers fresh perspectives on the factors influencing gig work success in Indonesia. This study sheds light on psychosocial predictors that could have wider implications for gig workers globally as well as providing insight on the dynamics of gig work.

Keywords

Government Support, Career Satisfaction, Motivation, Proactive Personality, Spirituality, Gig work, Psychosocial Predictors.

References

Andrea, M. Petra, M. Maryse, S. Brita and L. Amelie. (2023)"We don't need (higher) education" - How the gig economy challenges the education-income paradigm," Technological Forecasting & Social Change, vol. 186, no. 122136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122136

Anis A, Rehman K, Rehman I, Khan MA, Afzal A (2011) Impact of organizational commitment on job satisfaction and employee retention in the pharmaceutical industry. Afr J Bus Manage 5: 7316-7324. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajbm10.1296

Ashforth, B. E., & Pratt, M. G. (2003). Institutionalized spirituality: An oxymoron? In R. A. Giacalone & C. L. Jurkiewicz (Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp. 93–107).

Awais, M., Malik, M.S. and Qaisar, A. (2015) 'A review: the job satisfaction act as a mediator between spiritual intelligence and organizational commitment', International Review of Management and Marketing, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp.203–210.

Barnett, B.R. and Bradley, L. (2007), “The impact of organizational support for career development on career satisfaction”, Career Development International, Vol. 12 No. 7, pp. 617-36. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430710834396

Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140202

Batmunkh, A., & Lakner, Z. (2023). Reasons and Motivations for Working as A White-Collar Gig Worker. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202306.1485.v1

Becherer RC, Maurer JG. (1999). The proactive personality disposition and entrepreneurial behavior among small company presidents. Journal of Small Business Management, 38( l), 28-36

Behl, A., Sampat, B., & Raj, S. (2021). Productivity of gig workers on crowdsourcing platforms through artificial intelligence and gamification: a multi-theoretical approach. The TQM Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/tqm-07-2021-0201

Boštjančič, E., & Petrovčič, A. (2019). Exploring the relationship between job satisfaction, work engagement, and career satisfaction: The study from a public university. Human systems management, 38(4), 411-422. https://doi.org/10.3233/hsm-190580

Brown, T. (2009) The Gig Economy. The Daily Beast 12 January 2009. Available at https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-gig-economy

Bunjak, A., Černe, M., & Popovič, A. (2021). Absorbed in technology but digitally overloaded: Interplay effects on gig workers’ burnout and creativity. Information & Management, 58(8), 103533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2021.103533

Burke, A. 2011. The entrepreneurship enabling role of Gig workers: Theory with evidence from the construction industry. International Review of Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 1 – 28.

Charoensukmongkol, P., Daniel, J. L., & Chatelain-Jardon, R. (2015). The contribution of workplace spirituality on organizational citizenship behavior. Advances in business research, 6(1), 32-45. https://doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.3709.2013.oc.00003

Chen, J., Luo, J., Hu, W., & Ma, J. (2023). Fit into work! From formalizing governance of gig platform ecosystems to helping gig workers craft their platform work. Decision Support Systems, 174, 114016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2023.114016

Cranny, C. J., Smith, P. C., & Stone, E. F. (1992). Job satisfaction. New York, NY: Lexington Books

Crant JM, Bateman TS. (2000). Charismatic leadership viewed from above: The impact of proactive personality. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(200002)21:1%3C63::aid-job8%3E3.3.co;2-a

Crant JM. (1995). The proactive personality scale and objective job performance among real estate agents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80,532-537. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.80.4.532

Crant JM. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26,435- 462. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-2063(00)00044-1

Crawford, A., Hubbard, S.S., Lonis-Shumate, S.R.,&O ' Neill, M . (2009). Workplace spirituality and employee attitudes within the lodging environment. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 8, 64 – 81. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332840802274445

Daniel, J. L., Chatelain-Jardon, R., Mayfield, J., & Mayfield, M. (2022). The influence of leader motivating language on workplace spirituality. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 19(2), 215-233. https://doi.org/10.51327/uqmh2278

Deluga R. (1998). American presidential proactivity, charismatic leadership, and rated performance. Leadership Quarterb, 9,265-291F. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1048-9843(98)90030-3

Dunn, I. Munoz and M. H. Jarrahi. (2023), "Dynamics of flexible work and digital platforms: Task and spatial flexibility in the platform economy," Digital Business, vol. 3, p. 100052; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2022.100052.

Efendi, S., & Ansari, M. (2023, December). The Influence of Compensation, Leadership, and Quality of Work Life on Employee Performance in Family Companies in Batam City. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Economics and Social Science, ICAESS 2023, 7 November 2023, Batam, Riau islands, Indonesia.

Erdogan, B. and Bauer, T.N. (2005), “Enhancing the career benefits of proactive personality: the role of fit with jobs and organizations”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 58, pp. 859-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00772.x

Fairbrother, K., & Warn, J. (2003). Workplace dimensions, stress, and job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18, 8–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940310459565

Faisal, A. L. F., Sucahyo, Y. G., Ruldeviyani, Y., & Gandhi, A. (2019, July). Discovering Indonesian digital workers in online gig economy platforms. In 2019 International Conference on Information and Communications Technology (ICOIACT) (pp. 554-559). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/icoiact46704.2019.8938543

Friedman, G. (2014). Workers without employers: shadow corporations and the rise of the gig economy. Review of Keynesian Economics, 2(2), 171-188. https://doi.org/10.4337/roke.2014.02.03

Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 693–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.001

Greenhaus JH, Parasuraman S, Wormley WM. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.5465/256352

Gupta, M., Kumar, V., & Singh, M. (2013). Creating satisfied employees through workplace spirituality: A study of the private insurance sector in Punjab (India). Journal of Business Ethics, 122, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1756-5

Hair Jr, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. and Anderson, R.E. (2019), Multivariate Data Analysis 9th Edition, Cengage Learning, Cheriton House, NW.

Hall, D.T. and Mirvis, P.H. (1995), “The new career contract: developing the whole person at midlife and beyond”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 47 No. 3, pp. 269-89. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1995.0004

Hardt, M. (2010). Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. Cultural Theory: An Anthology, 143.

Hartono, M., Raharjo, H., & Ronyastra, I. M. (2021). What difference does the gig mobility service make in the workers' human needs structure? International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 82, 103100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2021.103100

Hasibuan, Malaya. (2012). Human Resource Management. Sixteenth Printing. Jakarta: PT. Literary Earth.

Henseler, J. (2017). Partial least squares path modeling. Advanced methods for modeling markets, 361-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53469-5_12

Herpen, Marco Van, Praag, Mirjam Van & Cools, Kees, 2005, The Effects of Performance Measurement and Compensation on Motivation: An Empirical Study, Journal De Economist, Vol. 153, No. 3, pp 303-329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10645-005-1990-z

Hu, L.T. dan Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76–99). Sage Publications, Inc.

Huđek, I., Tominc, P., & Širec, K. (2021). The impact of social and cultural norms, government programs, and digitalization as entrepreneurial environment factors on the job and career satisfaction of Gig workers. Sustainability, 13(2), 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020779

Indiana, A. (2021). Government Policy towards Protecting the Rights of Gig work (Gig work Daily) in Indonesia. Investama: Journal of Economics and Business, 5(2), 120-134.

Kadnichanskaya, M. I., & Galkina, E. P. (2019). Freelance as a Modern Form of Employment in the Labor Market in Socio-Economicspace of the City Ulyanovsk. Logos et Praxis, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2019.4.15

Lee, S. Y. (2007). Structural equation modeling: A Bayesian approach. John Wiley & Sons

Lent, R.W. and Brown, S.D. (2006), “Integrating person and situation perspectives on work satisfaction: a social-cognitive view”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 69, pp. 236-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2006.02.006

Lepanjuuri, K., Wishart, R., & Cornick, P. (2018). The characteristics of those in the gig economy.

Li, N., Liang, J., & Crant, J. M. (2010). The role of proactive personality in job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior: a relational perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2), 395. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018079

Makkar, S., & Saini, M. (2016). Spirituality, ethical behavior, and corporate social responsibility influence affinity. New Horizons for Leveraging Business, 1, 1-19.

Makkar, S., & Singh, A. K. (2019). Spirituality measurement scale: An empirical study. PURUSHARTHA-A journal of Management, Ethics and Spirituality, 12(1), 21-31.

Mardhatillah, A. (2021). MILLENNIALS QUITTING THEIR JOB: ROLE OF HAPPINESS AND WORK LIFE. Elementary Education Online, 19(4), 3473-3473.

Maurer, T. J., & Chapman, E. F. (2018). Relationship of proactive personality with life satisfaction during late career and early retirement. Journal of Career Development, 45(4), 345-360. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845317697381

Mitroff, I. I., & Denton, E. A. (1999). A spiritual audit of corporate America: A hard look at spirituality, religion, and values in the workplace. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass

Moncarz, E., Zhao, J., & Kay, C. (2009). An exploratory study of US lodging properties' organizational practices on employee turnover and retention. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(4), 437-45. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110910955695

Moon, T.W., Youn, N., Hur, W.M. and Kim, K.M. (2020), “Does employees’ spirituality enhance job performance? The mediating roles of intrinsic motivation and job crafting”, Current Psychology, Vol. 39, pp. 1618-1634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9864-0

Nunes, P. M., Carozzo-Todaro, M. E., & Proenca, T. (2023). Need satisfaction and frustration scale (NSFS): adaptation and validation for Brazilian gig work context. Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/mrjiam-06-2022-1320

Özdaşlı, K., Kanten, P., & Alparslan, A. M. (2013). Lider-Üye Etkileşiminin Proaktif avranışlar Üzerindeki Etkisi, 21. Yönetim and Organizasyon Kongresi, Kütahya.

Parimita, W., Khoiriyah, S., & Handaru, A. W. (2018). The Influence of Work Motivation and Compensation on Job Satisfaction among PT Tridaya Eramina Bahari Employees. JRMSI-Indonesian Science Management Research Journal, 9(1), 125-144.

Parker SK. (1998). Enhancing role breadth self-efficacy: The roles of job enrichment and other organizational interventions. Journal of Applied Psycholow, 83,835-852. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.83.6.835

Payakachat, N. (2008). Factors affecting job and career satisfaction among community pharmacists: a structural equation modeling approach. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 48(5), 610-620. https://doi.org/10.1331/japha.2008.07083

Pehkonen, J. (2013). Gig work as a manager challenges and opportunities for knowledge-based self-employment.

Permana, M. Y., & Izzati, N. R. (2023). Measuring the Gig Economy in Indonesia: Typology, Characteristics, and Distribution. Media Wahyudi, Measuring the Gig Economy in Indonesia: Typology, Characteristics, and Distribution (February 6, 2023).

Pramanik, N. D. (2020). Pengaruh komunikasi organisasi dan motivasi terhadap kinerja kerja paruh waktu di Jagoketik. com. Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, dan Manajemen, 1(3), 213-226

Purwanto, A., Asbari, M., Fahlevi, M., Mufid, A., Agistiawati, E., Cahyono, Y., & Suryani, P. (2020). Impact of Work From Home (WFH) on Indonesian Teachers Performance During the Covid-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Study. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(5), 6235-6244

Saxena, R. (2018). Achieving work-life balance through flexible work schedule: A conceptual study. Asian Journal of Management, 9(1), 307-312. https://doi.org/10.5958/2321-5763.2018.00046.x

Seibert SE, Crant JM, Kraimer ML. (1999). Proactive personality and career success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84,416-427. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.84.3.416

Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R.J., (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. 7th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York, US.

Shevchuk, A., Strebkov, D., & Davis, S. N. (2019). The Autonomy Paradox: How Night Work Undermines Subjective Well-Being of Internet-Based Gig Workers. ILR Review, 72(1), 75–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793918767114

Spurk D, Abele AE, Volmer J. The Career Satisfaction Scale: Longitudinal measurement invariance and latent growth analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 2011;84:315-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2011.02028.x

Stanford, J. (2017). The resurgence of gig work: Historical and theoretical perspectives. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 28(3), 382-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/1035304617724303

Syaiful, I. A., & Bahar, R. N. A. (2016). Peran spiritualitas dan kepuasan hidup terhadap kualitas hidup pada wirausahawan muda. Humanitas, 13(2), 122.

Tench, R., Palihawadana, D., Fawkes, J. 2002. Freelancing: Issues and trends for public relations practice. Journal of Communication Management, 6(4), 311 – 322. https://doi.org/10.1108/13632540210807143

Thomas WH, Feldman DC. Subjective career success: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 2014;85:169-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.06.001

Tran, M.; Sokas, R.K. (2017). The gig economy and contingent work: An occupational health assessment. J. Occup. Environ. https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000000977

Vasconcelos, A. F. (2018). Workplace spirituality: empirical evidence revisited. Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/mrr-07-2017-0232

Yang, F., & Chau, R. (2016). Proactive personality and career success. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(2), 467-482. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-04-2014-0139