EFEKTIVITAS MENULIS EKSPRESIF SECARA DARING UNTUK MENURUNKAN KECEMASAN AKIBAT PANDEMI COVID-19

Isnawati Isnawati; Widyastuti Widyastuti; Ahmad Ridfah

doi:10.24036/rapun.v14i1.114464

EFEKTIVITAS MENULIS EKSPRESIF SECARA DARING UNTUK MENURUNKAN KECEMASAN AKIBAT PANDEMI COVID-19

Isnawati Isnawati⁽¹⁾, Widyastuti Widyastuti⁽²⁾, Ahmad Ridfah⁽³⁾,
(1) Universitas Negeri Makassar

Indonesia
(2) Universitas Negeri Makassar

Indonesia
(3) Universitas Negeri Makassar

Indonesia

Corresponding Author
Copyright (c) 2023 Isnawati Isnawati, Widyastuti Widyastuti, Ahmad Ridfah

DOI : https://doi.org/10.24036/rapun.v14i1.114464

Full Text:

Language : id

Abstract

Kecemasan merupakan salah satu dampak yang dirasakan masyarakat selama pandemi COVID-19 berlangsung. Kecemasan yang dialami terjadi karena ketidakmampuan untuk memprediksi bahaya yang akan ditimbulkan oleh COVID-19. Kecemasan yang tinggi akan memberikan dampak buruk pada pola tidur dan perilaku individu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas intervensi menulis ekspresif secara daring dalam menurunkan kecemasan akibat pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian eksperimen pretest-posttest control group design. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah 22 orang perempuan berusia 18-30 tahun yang mengalami kecemasan akibat pandemi COVID-19. Partisipan dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok yaitu kelompok eksperimen (N=10) dan kelompok kontrol (N=12). Alat ukur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) yang telah diadaptasi ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Teknik analisis data menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney dan uji Wilcoxon. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa menulis ekspresif secara daring efektif untuk menurunkan kecemasan akibat pandemi COVID-19 (ρ=0,011 untuk kelompok eksperimen dan ρ=0,855 untuk kelompok kontrol). Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah menulis ekspresif dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu media untuk menurunkan kecemasan individu.

Keywords

Kecemasan, pandemi COVID-19, menulis ekspresif

References

Abdurrahman, N. F., Murdiana, S., & Ridfah, A. (2020). Intervensi menulis ekspresif untuk menurunkan kecemasan menjalani kemoterapi pada pasien penderita kanker payudara. Humanitas (Jurnal Psikologi), 4(1), 43–60. https://doi.org/10.28932/humanitas.v4i1.2403.

Agung, I. M. (2020). Memahami pandemi covid-19 dalam perspektif psikologi sosial. Psikobuletin:Buletin Ilmiah Psikologi, 1(2), 68–84. http://ejournal.uin-suska.ac.id/index.php/Psikobuletin/article/view/9616/5058.

Ahmed, M. Z., Ahmed, O., Aibao, Z., Hanbin, S., Siyu, L., & Ahmad, A. (2020). Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated psychological problems. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(2020), 102092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092.

Baikie, K. A., Geerligs, L., & Wilhelm, K. (2012). Expressive writing and positive writing for participants with mood disorders: An online randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 310–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.11.032.

Baikie, K. A., & Wilhelm, K. (2005). Emotional and physical health benefits of expressive writing. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11(5), 338–346. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.11.5.338.

Bareket-Bojmel, L., Shahar, G., & Margalit, M. (2020). COVID-19-Related Economic Anxiety Is As High as Health Anxiety: Findings from the USA, the UK, and Israel. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-020-00078-3.

Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287(2020), 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934.

Corter, A. L., & Petrie, K. J. (2008). Expressive writing in context: The effects of a confessional setting and delivery of instructions on participant experience and language in writing. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13(1), 27–30. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910707X250929.

Drouin, M., McDaniel, B. T., Pater, J., & Toscos, T. (2020). How parents and their children used social media and technology at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and associations with anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 00(00). https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0284.

Duan, L., Shao, X., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Miao, J., Yang, X., & Zhu, G. (2020). An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in china during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275(2020), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.029.

El Haj, M., Altintas, E., Chapelet, G., Kapogiannis, D., & Gallouj, K. (2020). High depression and anxiety in people with Alzheimer’s disease living in retirement homes during the covid-19 crisis. Psychiatry Research, 291(2020), 113294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113294.

Elbay, R. Y., Kurtulmuş, A., Arpacıoğlu, S., & Karadere, E. (2020). Depression, anxiety, stress levels of physicians and associated factors in Covid-19 pandemics. Psychiatry Research, 290(2020), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113130.

Hanoatubun, S. (2020). Dampak covid-19 terhadap perekonomian Indonesia. Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 2(1), 146–153.

Hirai, M., Skidmore, S. T., Clum, G. A., & Dolma, S. (2012). An investigation of the efficacy of online expressive writing for trauma-related psychological distress in hispanic individuals. Behavior Therapy, 43(4), 812–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2012.04.006.

Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288(2020), 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954.

Joharudin, A., Septiadi, M. A., Maharani, S., Aisi, T. D., & Nurwahyuningsih. (2020). Panic Syndrom COVID-19: Penekanan terhadap kebijakan yang diberikan pemerintah. Jurnal Perspektif, 4(1), 44–53.

Klein, K., & Boals, A. (2001). Expressive writing can increase working memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130(3), 520–533. https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.130.3.520.

Lailani, R. ., & Kuncoro, J. (2019). Efektivitas terapi kilat dhuha (dzikir dan sholat dhuha ) dalam menurunkan tingkat kecemasan pada narapidana wanita di Lapas Wanita Kelas II Semarang. Konferensi Ilmiah Mahasiswa UNNISULA (KIMU) 2, 465–473.

Lee, S. A. (2020). Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Studies, 44(7), 393–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1748481.

Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of covid-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: A study on active weibo users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032.

Negoro, W. R. (2017). Pengaruh musik klasik dalam menurunkan tingkat kecemasan pasien sectio caesarea dengan tindakan Subarachnoid Blok (SAB) di RSU Mitra Delima Malang, Jawa Timur. In Naskah Publikasi. Politeknik Kesehatan.

Niles, A. N., Haltom, K. E., Mulvenna, C. M., Lieberman, M. D., & Stanton, A. L. (2015). Effects of expressive writing on psychological and physical health: the moderating role of emotional expressivity. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 27(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2013.802308.

Özdin, S., & Özdin, Ş. B. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051.

Pennebaker, J. W., & Chung, C. K. (2007). Expressive writing, emotional, upheavals. and health. In H. S. Friedman & R. C. Silver (Eds.), Foundations of health psychology (pp. 263–284). Oxford University Press, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3506(03)00149-5.

Pennebaker, J. W., & Ferrell, J. D. (2013). Can expressive writing change emotions? An oblique answer to the wrong question. In D. Hermans, B. Rime, & B. Mesquita (Eds.), Changing Emotions (pp. 183–186). Psychology Press.

Pennebaker, J. W., & Smyth, J. M. (2016). Opening up by writing down. The Guilford Press.

Purwanto, A., Pramono, R., Asbari, M., Santoso, P. B., Wijayanti, L. M., Hyun, C. C., & Putri, R. S. (2020). Studi eksplorasi dampak pandemi COVID-19 terhadap proses pembelajaran online di sekolah dasar. Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 2(1), 1–12.

Ramirez, G., & Beilock, S. L. (2011). Writing about testing worries boots exam performance in the classroom. Science, 331(January), 211–214.

Retnoningtyas, D. W., Atmaja, A. A. G. A. A., Pratiwi, I. A. I., & Rahayu, K. D. A. R. (2017). Pengaruh Expressive Writing terhadap Penurunan Tingkat Kecemasan Mahasiswa Tahun Pertama. Jurnal Psikologi Mandala, 1(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.36002/jpm.v1i1.579.

Riszky, M. (2020). Efektivitas menulis ekspresif terhadap penurunan kecemasan matematika pada siswa SMA Nasional Makassar. Universitas Negeri Makassar.

Rohmadani, Z. V. (2017). Relaksasi dan terapi menulis ekspresif sebagai penanganan kecemasan pada difabel daksa. Journal of Health Studies, 1(1), 18–27.

Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kar, S. K., Sharma, N., Verma, S. K., & Kaushal, V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(2020), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083.

Sabrianti, L. (2018). Efektivitas terapi menulis ekspresif dalam menurunkan kecemasan pada mahasiswa yang mengerjakan skripsi. Universitas Negeri Makassar.

Salari, M., Zali, A., Ashrafi, F., Etemadifar, M., Sharma, S., Hajizadeh, N., & Ashourizadeh, H. (2020). Incidence of anxiety in Parkinson’s Disease During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Movement Disorders, 35(7), 1095–1096. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.28116.

Seniati, L., Yulianto, A., & Setiadi, B. N. (2017). Psikologi eksperimen. Jakarta: Indeks.

Schroder, H. S., Moran, T. P., & Moser, J. S. (2017). The effect of expressive writing on the error-related negativity among individuals with chronic worry. Psychophysiology, 55(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12990.

Shihab, N. (2020). Covid-19: Kupasan ringkas yang perlu anda ketahui. Ciputat: Literati.

Smith, L., Jacob, L., Yakkundi, A., McDermott, D., Armstrong, N. C., Barnett, Y., López-Sánchez, G. F., Martin, S., Butler, L., & Tully, M. A. (2020). Correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression and mental wellbeing associated with COVID-19: a cross-sectional study of UK-based respondents. Psychiatry Research, 291(2020), 113138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113138.

Sorokin, M. Y., Kasyanov, E. ., Rukavishnikov, G. ., Makarevich, O. V, Neznanov, N. G., Lutova, N. B., & Mazo, G. E. (2020). Structure of anxiety associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in the Russian-speaking sample: results from on-line survey. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.28.20074302.

Spielberger, C. D. (1966). Theory and research on anxiety. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety and Behavior (pp. 3–20). Academic Press.

Stanton, R., To, Q. G., Khalesi, S., Williams, S. L., Alley, S. J., Thwaite, T. L., Fenning, A. S., & Vandelanotte, C. (2020). Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: Associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114065.

Susanti, R., & Supriyantini, R. (2013). Pengaruh Expressive Writing Therapy Terhadap Penurunan Tingkat Kecemasan Berbicara Di Muka Umum Pada Mahasiswa. Jurnal Psikologi UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, 9(2), 119–129.

Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020). COVID stress syndrome: Concept, structure, and correlates. Depression and Anxiety, May, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23071

Thevarajan, I., Nguyen, T. H. O., Koutsakos, M., Druce, J., Caly, L., van de Sandt, C. E., Jia, X., Nicholson, S., Catton, M., Cowie, B., Tong, S. Y. C., Lewin, S. R., & Kedzierska, K. (2020). Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: a case report of non-severe COVID-19. Nature Medicine, 26(4), 453–455. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0819-2

Titov, N., Andrews, G., Robinson, E., Schwencke, G., Johnston, L., Solley, K., & Choi, I. (2009). Clinician-assisted Internet-based treatment is effective for generalized anxiety disorder: Randomized controlled trial. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(10), 905–912. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670903179269

Yohannes, A. M. (2020). COPD patients in a COVID-19 society: depression and anxiety. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 00(00), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2020.1787835