Analysis of Language Style in the Novel Cinta di Dalam Gelas by

This study aims to explain the function of language style based on the direct and indirect meaning found in the novel entitled Cinta di Dalam Gelas by Andrea Hirata. Analysis of language style is chosen to find out the author's characteristics and understand why the author tends to use certain words or expressions in their literary works. The research method used in the study is a type of descriptive-qualitative with stylistic approach. The data collection used is reading the text of Cinta di Dalam Gelas novel repeatedly, then writing evidence in the novel containing the use of language style on the data source. The technique of analyzing data using by finding the data, reducing data, displaying data, analyzing data according to the types of language style, then describing the result of the finding data providing statements from the theory that used. The research finding of this study shows that language style based on the direct and indirect meaning found consists of two kinds, namely rhetorical language style and figurative language style. Rhetorical languages style is composed of Alliteration, Assonance, Rhetoric, Pleonasm, Paradox, Hyperbole, and Litotes. Meanwhile, the figurative language style is crafted of Association, Metaphor, Metonymy, Irony, and Sarcasm. This research finding is supported by Keraf's theory. Keraf (2006) divides language style based on direct and indirect meaning into two types: rhetorical language style and figurative language. Rhetoric language style consists of alliteration, Assonance, Anastrophe, Apophasis, Apostrophe, Asidenton, Polysidentone, Chiasmus, Ellipsis, Euphemism, Litotes, Hysteron, Pleonasm, Periphrasis, Prolepsis, Prosthesis, Syllepsis, Correctoron, Hyperbole, Paradoxical. Meanwhile, figurative language consists of Simile, Metaphor, Allegory, Personification, Allusion, Eponym, Epithet, Synecdoche, Metonymy, Hypalase, Irony, Satire, Innuendo, Antiphrasis, And Paronomasia (Keraf 2006).


Introduction
The phenomenon of language style in novels has become one of the essential things that can construct a story. Usually, the author has a characteristic while using language style in his works. Something that looked at an aesthetic value of the literature is the use of language style. According to Zainnudin (1992), most experts in their fields believe that language style uses various languages in describing something with the selection and wording in sentences to obtain specific effects. However, they have ignored the direct and indirect meaning in the language style. There are many uses of language style in this novel, but the previous study only focused on one type of language style used. Otherwise, if it is studied in-depth, there will be many language styles used by the writer. The novel's language style is divided into four comparative figures (Indriyani, Sukirno & Bagiya 2014) and parable figures (Yulianto 2018). However, this research will look for more than one language style that focuses on this novel's direct and indirect meanings.
The choice of language style is an essential part of writing because if the use and selection of the language chosen are good, short, solid, and clear; so, the reader will be interested in reading it. However, sometimes people who read the story do not understand the function of language style and figurative language used in the sentences because language style cannot understand in the literal meaning (Satria & Adek 2020). Andrea Hirata's novel displays an interesting language style to study because it tells a fictional story that uses a lot of the language style used by the author. One of his works entitled "Cinta di Dalam Gelas" deserves to be studied what kinds of language styles are contained in the novel. The research conducted in this novel to find out what the author uses types and functions of language styles.
As a writer, Andrea Hirata got a lot of attention from other writers. The emergence of Andrea Hirata as one of the best novelists in word-formation and language style makes some of his novels included in best-selling. One of the novels that use many language styles is the novel Cinta di Dalam Gelas. This is because he uses many different language styles in his writing. Analysis of language style is chosen to determine the author's characteristics and understand why the author tends to use certain words or expressions in their literary works. Therefore, this novel was selected to study and analyze the characteristics of the language style used by Andrea Hirata. However, this study aims to analyze the language style based on the direct and indirect meaning in the novel Cinta di Dalam Gelas.
For instance, language style does not only follow the style of certain sentences (Keraf 2006). In an article written by Widyanti (2013) found that figurative language contained persuasive language. In her research language style commonly appeared in advertisements that are considered as declarative found. In the article written by Nurhaida & Marlina (2017), their research can find language style in the newspaper. In their research using language style to convey opinions, the journalist used newspaper. In short, the use of certain language styles can change and lead to certain connotations. Therefore, novel Cinta di Dalam Gelas is appropriate to be used as a learning material in the context of academic literaturebecause it has fulfilled five literary learning objectives, including motivating students to absorb language expressions, simulative tools in language acquisition, as a medium in understanding community culture, tools the development of interpretive abilities, and the means to educate people as a whole. This novel also contains various values of character education that can build students' personalities.
The research study on the novel of Andrea Hirata entitled Cinta di Dalam Gelas has previous studies carried out by other researchers. The research study (Egarlia 2018) aims to describe the intrinsic elements and moral values obtained in Andrea Hirata's novel. Furthermore, the learning implementation plan results using the quantum method in class XII SMA are adjusted to basic competencies. Second, the research study by (Mahmudah 2017) describes the structural analysis as intrinsic and extrinsic elements. Although the research from Mufarida 1 , Tanaffasha 2 , Firmansyah 3 , Firmansyah 4 | 16 the same novel, there are differences between the two previous studies and this study. Third, the research study by (Simbolon 2018) aims to examine semiotics studies and give the additional material of reading activity, especially at the high school degree. Then, it can conclude that the study's result is beneficial for literary reading in high school because the teacher appreciates the presence of reading material as high school literature to accompany student handbooks, and students respond positively to companion their guides. The studies discuss and examine the structure of intrinsic and extrinsic elements, moral values, semiotics studies, and school learning planning. This research study needs to be done because the language style is essential to be studied after finding the intrinsic and extrinsic elements of the novel to complement each other.
Previous studies have become a reference for researchers in formulating hypotheses and theoretical reviews consisting of journals and theses that correlate with the problem or research topic. In the article analysis by Damayanti (2018), the writer uses Magazines as an objective analysis. This study focuses on the phenomenon of figurative language found in Marie Claire Magazine's advertisement. The study results show seven types of figurative speech: simile, metaphor, synecdoche, personification, and hyperbole. Besides that, In Damayanti's analysis, her research found the function of figurative of speech kinds that found the magazines: informing, adding value, reminding, and increasing silence, and influencing.
Meanwhile, the aspect of figurative speech studied was not only in literary works, but Damayanti studied in non-literary works, such as magazines. However, from the many types of figurative speech, the writer only found a little bit in Marie Claire magazines. Therefore, this study analyzes the object of the study in many kinds of language styles that will help the readers to understand.
In an article written by Sudiyono (2017) researchers use the novels Para Priyayi by Umar Kayam as the object of their analysis. This study focuses on the selection and use of vocabulary. The uniqueness is motivated by the socio-cultural and educational factors by the author, which is expressed through the story's description. Sudiyono et al. expressing this uniqueness is marked by the Javanese language, which contains high values and philosophies of Javanese culture. The expression of intent becomes more impressive, livelier, more precise, and more attractive. The language styles found in the novel Para Priyayi by Umar Kayam are expressions, proverbs, imagery, metaphors, similes, personification, hyperbole, repetition, and allegory. It can be seen that the researcher reveals the language style in the novel and understands the social and cultural background of the author's reasons for using the word. Therefore, in this study, the writer also pays attention to the selection and use of vocabulary inside Andrea Hirata's novel.
The study described by Barus (2019) is in the form of a thesis which makes the Laskar Pelangi novel to be researched and analyzed. Focusing on describing comparative language style in Andrea Hirata's novel Laskar Pelangi and the pragmatic meaning of language style is pragmatic stylistic perspective. This study obtained hyperbolic language style, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, simile, personification, parables. Not only that, the researcher found five meanings of pragmatic stylistics. Although in this study, researchers are still inaccurate and still need to be developed more. But in this research, the writer has helped the reader get various language styles from understanding the examples.
The language style is one of the significant parts of literary stylistics that every writer has. According to Keraf (2006), language style or stylistics reflects the soul or personality to become his characteristic for different writers. Figurative language is an essential part of learning and one of the language styles where the understanding of figurative language is primarily in the younger generation. According to Al-Ma'ruf (2009), humans produce literary works in transcriptive and audio, meaning and aesthetic value. Here, the writer needs to fill in the gaps that exist today by introducing and discussing language styles that may need to be studied to add literary insight to create an easier one. This research will analyze the language style based on the direct and indirect meaning that found in the novel Cinta di Dalam Gelas by Andrea Hirata.
The direct and indirect meaning of language style is directly divided into two types, namely rhetorical and figurative.

B. Methods
This study was conducted using the descriptive-qualitative method with a stylistic approach. Qualitative-descriptive was chosen to reveal existing language phenomena with indepth explanations that are not enough to be explained in numbers only. The descriptivequalitative analysis is used to find the meaning and function of the language style in the novel Cinta di Dalam Gelas by Andrea Hirata. This research focuses on analyzing the language style. This objective of the research is to reveal the author's characteristics in using the language style in the novel Cinta di Dalam Gelas and the function of its language style, which has been selected in the method used. Therefore, this study will discuss language styles based on direct and indirect meaning, including rhetoric language style and figurative style.
This study uses primary data and secondary data to analyze the language style. The primary data is the novel written by Andrea Hirata, entitled Cinta di Dalam Gelas. This novel was published in 2017 by Bentang Pustaka. This novel consists of 45 chapters with 316 pages. The form of the data is a word, phrases, sentences, paragraphs and utterances from the novel. Then, secondary data is data obtained from data collection techniques to help primary data formulate a problem-secondary data from books, journals, literature, and other documents related to research problems. Secondary data is needed to support the primary data, and references are compared and evaluated with preliminary data to be more accurate.
This research obtained the data collection process by applying two methods. The first is to read carefully and the second to take notes. The steps in the data collection process are as follows: (1) reading the text carefully of Cinta di Dalam Gelas's novel for the second time to get some crucial points in the text, (2) writing utterances in the novel containing the use of language style on the novel.
The analysis process in this study uses descriptive-qualitative to analyze the data. Data analysis using Miles and Huberman models in (Morril 2000) where the analysis model in this study went through 3 stages. They are first reducing the data by selecting data relevant to the rhetorical language style and figurative language style. Second, displaying the data, namely the data obtained are presented in the form of text and table form according to the type of language style being studied. Third, drawing conclusions and verifying data, drawing conclusions that aim to find meaning in the data being analyzed based on the type of language style by looking for relationships, similarities, and differences to conclude. Meanwhile, data verification is carried out to provide support for the data by providing statements from the theory by Keraf in the analysis.

C. Finding and Discussion
This part will include the part of research finding that categorized based on the problem of the research.

The types of Language Style based on direct and indirect meaning that is found in the novel Cinta di Dalam Gelas
Based on the research problem, the results of the data analysis of this study consist of two types of language styles based on the direct and indirect meaning where it has been Table 1. Finding data of the language style based on the direct and indirect meaning that is found in the novel "Cinta di Dalam Gelas" Rhetorical Language Style Figurative Language 1) Alliteration, 2) Assonance, 3) Rhetoric, 4) Pleonasm, 5) Paradox, 6) Hyperbole, and 7) Litotes.
According to Keraf (2006), divided language styles are based on direct and indirect meaning. Language style based on the direct meaning uses a reference that still maintains its denotative meaning or the basic meaning. Meanwhile, the language style is based on indirect meaning or a trope which means reversal or deviation. It means that the figurative language has changed meaning in connotative meanings or deviates far from its denotative meaning. The language style in this description is divided into two types, the rhetorical language style and the figurative language style. Keraf divides rhetorical language styles into 21 kinds, while figurative language styles are divided into 11 kinds.
Based on the findings obtained inside the novel, this research found seven kinds of rhetorical language styles and seven kinds of figurative language. Rhetorical languages style consist of Alliteration, Assonance, Rhetoric, Pleonasm, Paradox, Hyperbole, and Litotes. In comparison, the figurative language style is found in Association, Metaphor, personification, Metonymy, synecdoche, Irony, and Sarcasm. Which of these kinds of language style figures of speech, there are 28 data obtained.
Meanwhile, the previous research in (Priyanto 2016) supports this finding. In his research, Priyanto found four rhetorical language styles and four kinds of figurative language styles. The analysis used by Priyanto and this research is the same. He uses a stylistic approach in analyzing novels. Although, these two studies still have shortcomings because they can only investigate a part of all types of figurative language based on the direct and indirect meaning of the novel.

Rhetorical Language Style
Rhetorical language style functions to achieve specific constructions that cause laughter, animate inanimate objects, explain, strengthen, stimulate association, or decoration. Rhetorical languages consist of Alliteration, Assonance, Rhetoric, Pleonasm, Paradox, Hyperbole, and Litotes.  "Semua itu berarti dari rakyat, Oleh rakyat, Untuk rakyat" (P. 119) The sentence above shows the repetition of the sound in the consonant "t. The repetition emphasizes the use of language style as a means of communication to the reader. According to Keraf (2006), Alliteration is a repetition of the consonant in the sentence. The findings result found in the alliteration study also found the same consonant, the consonant "t" in the word "rakyat" has 3 times in one sentence. This finding is supported by the research conducted by Fitri (2020), who found an alliteration in the statement "komat-kami ketika ia sedang membelai si murai". At first glance, there is a matching line, which is a defect that repeats consonants "k" and "s".Thee alliteration has the meaning or function to emphasize language style as a means of communication to the reader in the word "rakyat". b. Assonance Table 3. This sentence shows the existence of repeating sound in a vocal "u". So that, Assonance is a figure of speech used in a sentence with repeating vocals to emphasize to the readers. According to Keraf (2006), Assonance is the repetition of the same vowel. So this research also found that in the findings found in the assonance various vowels in the same sentence. The letter "u" was found seven times. In the sentence containing the assonance, the author emphasizes bringing an inanimate object to life. In essence, the function of language style in the sentence is to convince the reader or listener. Table 4. This statement is included in the category of rhetorical language style. Even though the author gives a question sentence, the real intention is to emphasize the sentence without requiring an answer. Even though there is a question mark on it, rhetorical is a kind of figure of speech that aims to achieve a profound effect without requiring an answer. This finding is supported by Keraf (2006) that states. Rhetoric is a question that is used to gain a deeper effect and a reasonable emphasis. There is a sentence "tertungging-tugging" If the sentence is deleted and there is only a sentence itself, it still has an original meaning and does not change the true meaning. So that, pleonasm is a figure of speech that will not change the true meaning of the original meaning of the sentence is removed. According to Keraf (2006), pleonasm is a redundant word that was omitted, and the meaning remains intact. Therefore, the pleonasm were existence because all the references remained unchanged with the same meaning, even though the words "tertungging -tugging" were omitted. This statement contains a paradoxical style because generally, they will not comfort if someone works with a fussy person and temperament. Still, on the contrary, the three people feel as usual working for up to a dozen years. Therefore, paradox is a language style of opinion that comes out where it is contrary to the truth that is public and accepted by the wider community, but actually, it carries the validity of the truth. Tarigan (2013) supports this finding, which states that paradox is a language style that contains fundamental contradictions with existing facts.

c. Rhetoric
f. Hyperbole This sentence uses an exaggerated sentence because the writer uses the phrase "yang bahkan tak tampak di Peta" to describe an island. Then, it uses an excessive sentence because the author uses "sepahit-pahitnya seperti nasib pembelinya" to describe poor coffee. So, it can conclude that hyperbole is a figure of speech that contains an exaggerated statement or seems to exaggerate something beyond its reality, following the careful findings by Suban (2018), the type of language style that contains meaning that give more numbers, emphasizing a message. In this sentence, the writer describes Enong as a child who has nothing. This is a sentence that shows condescension. Along still has parents, a house, etc., but the author looks down on a small child who has nothing. Therefore, it can be concluded that litotes is a figure of speech used to state something opposite or inferior to the actual situation. This finding is supported by Keraf (2006); litotes is a style of language used to express something with the aim of self-direction or to state something less than the actual situation.

Figurative Language
Figurative language is figuring out or equating something with other things so that the picture becomes more apparent, more interesting, and alive. The figurative language style found consists of Association/Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Synecdoche, Metonymy, Irony, and Sarcasm.  The use of a word that is a parable of something indicated through the word in the sentence. Looking at the both sentences above, both sentences have two words developed by parables indicated through seperti and bak. So that it will provoke the reader's imagination about the image or imagery of something will equate, this is equivalent to the opinion of Keraf (2006), which explains that a simile or association is a figure of speech that has a language style to describe an event with another incident to be equated in essence. This is also in line with the description in the journal Nafinuddin (2020), who briefly explained the definition of association or simile, a word with a meaning.

b. Metaphor
Table 10  Contrary to simile or association, in the metaphorical explained if the metaphor is a comparison by not stating it's real or authenticity of meaning that can be accepted by reasonlooking at the two sentences above if the first sentence has a language meaning that moves into a comparison in another meaning and is not accurate. Then, the second sentence indicates that the sentence has another meaning. Metaphor is a word that means carrying so that it does not explain the factual meaning (Keraf, 2006). This is equivalent to the findings that have been discussed as well as the definitions that Keraf has outlined. Also, this is equal to the explanation from Nafinuddin (2020), which explains the difference between metaphor and simile, which lies in two different properties, explicit simile and implicit metaphor, which makes the metaphorical figure of speech different from other figures of speech because the figure of speech metaphor is short, concise, and orderly. Based on the example above, the sentences interpret if an object or something can do as humans did. The judging from the word "diam-diam, berjingkat-jingkat, mengendap-endap" can be digested as behaviour or activities carried out by humans. However, in the end, the thing that does is the object or something to explain if the sentence is included in the Personification of the figure of speech. This is equivalent to the statement theory by Keraf (2006). Personification is a figure of speech that indicates an object has characteristics and behaves like humans in general. This is collateral as what has been done by Irsyad (2020), who discussed the personification Mufarida 1 , Tanaffasha 2 , Firmansyah 3 , Firmansyah 4 | 23 figure of speech which discussed from Sapardi Djoko Damono's poem entitled "Akulah Si Telaga". He explained the use of the word "Aku" in the poem by indicating a description of the inanimate object of the lake. In which it has human-like characteristics that can take care of something. This can be seen from the words in the poem "perahumu biar aku saja yang menjaganya". d. Metonymy Table.12 Figure of Speech Metonymy

Figure of Speech Data
Metonymy "Kapten chip berdiri tegak di samping fokker 28 itu seperti seorang sopir yang setia"(P. 88) In the sentence above, there is an indication of a brand that characterizes a product or attribute. The word "Fokker 28" is an indication of a brand from one of the aircraft productions. This is in line with the findings discussed in Keraf (2006) theory, which explains that metonymy is a figure of speech that indicates the characteristics of a product, object, or thing that is already known to people. Just as Rosdiana (2017) did in her journal research, she gave an example from one of the novels entitled "Seperti Dendam Rindu Harus Dibayar Tuntas", written by Eka Kurniawan and contains metonymy in it. One of them is in page 3 of the novel which contains the sentence "Yang satu mengisap Djarum, yang lain tak pernah berpaling dari Gudang Garam". The sentence includes a metonymy figure of speech because there are the words Djarum and Gudang Garam, which are an indication of one of the cigarette brand products originating from Indonesia. The example carried out by Rosdiana (2017) is the same as the discussion results of the word "Fokker 28", which also represents a brand. Synecdoche provides comprehensive information because the sentence indicates the final match, who will compete in the last party. According to Keraf (2006), Totam pro is a figurative language that uses the whole word to express smaller or partial words. Based on Keraf, the "pertandingan final catur" before leading to smaller words like "maryamah Akan melawan matarom". The information is aimed at someone who only provides small information but has a comprehensive nature that most ordinary readers can understand. According to Keraf (2006), figurative language uses words starting from the smallest or part and then to express to a wider or the whole. Then, the findings obtained above are appropriate because they use smaller amounts of information to state the whole. Table 14. Figure  The author's intention of writing the word "manis sekali" has the opposite meaning, which is very bitter. This is a form of subtle satire expression but has the opposite meaning. In the following sentence, the writer explains that "Kau" reduces the sugar in the coffee. According to Keraf (2006), the irony is a statement or expression to want something different from the expression from his words. Following Keraf's theory, the findings that expressing a word does not match what is in his mind. From the first finding, "tak becus" and "bodoh" are writers' expressions that contain bitterness and reproach. Then, the second finding, "pemalas tak berguna sama sekali" is an expression of the author which includes bitterness and reproach. The sarcasm sentence above seems unpleasant and hurtful. According to Keraf (2006), sarcasm is a harsh statement rather than irony. Sarcasm is used to aim to attack with harsh words, harsh to criticize or ridicule someone. According to Keraf's theory, from the two findings, sarcasm is using a rude statement such as "tak becus, bodoh, pemalas, tak berguna".

DISCUSSION
The research finding of this study revealed that language style based on the direct and indirect meaning found in the novel "Cinta di Dalam Gelas" by Andrea Hirata based on the direct and indirect meaning consists of two kinds, they are rhetorical language style and figurative language. Rhetorical languages style is found in 7 types: Alliteration, Assonance, Rhetoric, Pleonasm, Paradox, Hyperbole, and Litotes. Meanwhile, figurative language style is found in 7 types: Association, Metaphor, Metonymy, Irony, and Sarcasm. Several other researchers have analyzed the language style in Andrea Hirata's novel. In line with previous studies written by Yulianto (2018) entitled Gaya Bahasa Perumpamaan dalam Novel Cinta di Dalam Gelas Karya Andrea Hirata", it confirms that Andrea Hirata uses words seperti, bak, macam, dan ibarat in parables. However, this finding confirms that the research conducted is only limited to the parable language style's types and meaning.
Furthermore, research on language style in different Andrea Hirata's novel has also been carried out by Mustafa (2019) entitled "Analisis Gaya Bahasa dalam Novel Sang Pemimpi karya Andrea Hirata". His research found that Andrea Hirata used four kinds of language styles: comparison, contradiction, linkage, and repetition. This research states that Personification is the dominant language style that Andrea Hirata used in this novel.
Subsequent research was carried out by (Rahmawati, Darwis and Makkah 2012) entitled "Gaya Bahasa Andrea Hirata dalam Dwilonggi Padang Bulan: Kajian Stilistika", where the results of his research show that the analysis language based on lexical choices (diction), sentence structure, and language style based on the direct and indirect meaning. The language style generated from these three variables can be seen from the meaning and aesthetic value to see Andrea Hirata's ability to use technical terms from various fields combined with other lexical items to produce a poetic effect.
After reading previous studies on language style in the novels written by Andrea Hirata, other studies try to reveal what language styles Andrea Hirata uses and the meanings contained in them. However, no research has been found that discusses aspects of the function of the language style used by Hirata's area. So that this study contributes to research on the function of language style that Andrea Hirata used in his novel. This also shows that Andrea Hirata's ability to use language styles in various fields has its function to emphasize to the readers when reading his literary works. Moreover, the function of the language style used is to explain that every use of language style in literary works has a close relationship with the reader, especially language as a communication tool.
This research was obtained to find out the rhetorical language style and figurative language style in the novel Cinta di Dalam Gelas written by Andrea Hirata. Apart from finding out the types of language style, this study also discusses the function of language style. The difference in this discussion is analyzing the data by interpreting the existing findings and then discussing the interpretation. However, this study still has flaws in this analysis. In this research study did not explore all of the language styles based on direct and indirect meaning in this novel. So that, in the further research hopes that can find all of the type language styles based on direct and indirect meaning within the deep analysis towards the meaning and function of the language style written by Andrea Hirata's novel.